AI

1- What is Prolog? Prolog (Programming in Logic) is a high-level programming language primarily used for artificial intelligence (AI) and computational linguistics . Unlike procedural programming languages such as C or Python, Prolog is based on logic programming , which is a form of declarative programming. In Prolog, you define facts , rules , and queries to represent knowledge, and the system derives solutions based on logical reasoning. Prolog is unique because it focuses on what is to be done, not how it is to be done. You express knowledge using logical statements, and the Prolog interpreter uses these to infer answers through its built-in reasoning engine (using backtracking and unification ). What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It involves creating algorithms and models that enable computers to perform tasks typically requiring human-like i...

CNS

 1-

from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Util.Padding import pad, unpad
from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes

# Key and data
key = get_random_bytes(16) # 16-byte key for AES-128
data = b"Hello AES!" # Data to encrypt

# Encrypt
cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC)
ct = cipher.encrypt(pad(data, 16))

# Decrypt
cipher2 = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, cipher.iv)
pt = unpad(cipher2.decrypt(ct), 16)

print("Original:", data)
print("Encrypted:", ct)
print("Decrypted:", pt)


2-

from Crypto.Cipher import DES
from Crypto.Util.Padding import pad, unpad
from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes

# Step 1: Key (8 bytes for DES)
key = get_random_bytes(8)

# Step 2: Data to encrypt (must be padded to block size)
data = b"SecretMsg"

# Step 3: Encrypt
cipher = DES.new(key, DES.MODE_CBC)
ct = cipher.encrypt(pad(data, DES.block_size))

# Step 4: Decrypt
cipher2 = DES.new(key, DES.MODE_CBC, cipher.iv)
pt = unpad(cipher2.decrypt(ct), DES.block_size)

# Step 5: Output
print("Original:", data)
print("Encrypted:", ct)
print("Decrypted:", pt)


3-

pip install pycryptodome

from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
from Crypto.Cipher import PKCS1_OAEP

# Generate RSA key pair
key = RSA.generate(2048)
public_key = key.publickey()
encryptor = PKCS1_OAEP.new(public_key)
decryptor = PKCS1_OAEP.new(key)

# Message
message = b"Hello RSA"

# Encrypt
encrypted = encryptor.encrypt(message)

# Decrypt
decrypted = decryptor.decrypt(encrypted)

print("Encrypted:", encrypted)
print("Decrypted:", decrypted)

4-

from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Util.Padding import pad, unpad
from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes

# Step 1: Generate key and IV
key = get_random_bytes(16) # AES-128
iv = get_random_bytes(16)

# Step 2: Message to encrypt
data = b"Hello AES!"

# Step 3: Encrypt
cipher_encrypt = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
encrypted = cipher_encrypt.encrypt(pad(data, AES.block_size))

# Step 4: Decrypt
cipher_decrypt = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
decrypted = unpad(cipher_decrypt.decrypt(encrypted), AES.block_size)

# Step 5: Output
print("Encrypted:", encrypted)
print("Decrypted:", decrypted)

5-

import random

# Step 1: Prime number and generator
p = 23 # A small prime number for simplicity
g = 5 # A small generator for simplicity

# Step 2: Alice and Bob's private keys (random numbers)
alice_private = random.randint(1, p-1) # Random private key for Alice
bob_private = random.randint(1, p-1) # Random private key for Bob

# Step 3: Alice and Bob compute their public keys
alice_public = pow(g, alice_private, p)
bob_public = pow(g, bob_private, p)

# Step 4: Alice and Bob exchange public keys and compute the shared secret
alice_shared_secret = pow(bob_public, alice_private, p)
bob_shared_secret = pow(alice_public, bob_private, p)

# Step 5: Both Alice and Bob should now have the same shared secret
print(f"Alice's private key: {alice_private}")
print(f"Bob's private key: {bob_private}")
print(f"Alice's public key: {alice_public}")
print(f"Bob's public key: {bob_public}")
print(f"Alice's shared secret: {alice_shared_secret}")
print(f"Bob's shared secret: {bob_shared_secret}")

6-

from Crypto.Hash import SHA256
from Crypto.Protocol.KDF import PBKDF2

# Step 1: Define the secret key and message
secret_key = b"supersecretkey"
message = b"Hello, this is a secure message!"

# Step 2: Generate the HMAC using SHA-256 hash function
from Crypto.Hash import HMAC
hmac_object = HMAC.new(secret_key, msg=message, digestmod=SHA256)

# Step 3: Print the generated HMAC (the cryptographic checksum)
print("Generated HMAC:", hmac_object.hexdigest())

# Step 4: To verify the message, use the same secret key and check the HMAC
received_hmac = hmac_object.hexdigest()

# Step 5: Verification
# Generate the HMAC again using the received message and key for verification
verify_hmac = HMAC.new(secret_key, msg=message, digestmod=SHA256).hexdigest()

# Verify if the HMACs match
if received_hmac == verify_hmac:
print("The message is authentic and has not been altered.")
else:
print("The message's authenticity or integrity is compromised.")


7-

package p1;


import java.security.MessageDigest;

import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;


public class SHA1Example {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String message = "Hello, this is a test message!";


try {

// Step 1: Get SHA-1 MessageDigest instance

MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-1");


// Step 2: Convert message to bytes and update the digest

md.update(message.getBytes());


// Step 3: Compute the digest

byte[] digest = md.digest();


// Step 4: Convert byte array to hexadecimal format

StringBuilder hexString = new StringBuilder();

for (byte b : digest) {

hexString.append(String.format("%02x", b));

}


// Step 5: Print the result

System.out.println("Original Message: " + message);

System.out.println("SHA-1 Digest: " + hexString.toString());


} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {

System.err.println("SHA-1 Algorithm not found.");

}

}

}


8-

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import dsa
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes

# Generate DSA key pair (DSS standard)
private_key = dsa.generate_private_key(key_size=1024)
public_key = private_key.public_key()

# Message to sign
message = b"Hello, Digital Signature Standard!"

# Sign the message using SHA-256
signature = private_key.sign(message, hashes.SHA256())

# Verify the signature
try:
public_key.verify(signature, message, hashes.SHA256())
print("✅ Signature is valid.")
except Exception:
print("❌ Signature is invalid.")





1-

def encrypt_decrypt(message, key):

    result = []

    for i in range(len(message)):

        result.append(chr(ord(message[i]) ^ ord(key[i % len(key)])))

    return ''.join(result)


# Original message and key

message = "SecretMessage"

key = "key"


# Encrypt

cipher_text = encrypt_decrypt(message, key)

print("Encrypted:", cipher_text)


# Decrypt (same function)

decrypted_text = encrypt_decrypt(cipher_text, key)

print("Decrypted:", decrypted_text)




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